Iberoamerica 2022 №3

This issue of the journal includes three blocks. The first one – Sustainable Development and Challenges of the Economy – begins with the article “Russia and Latin America: Sustainable Development in the light of the Ukrainian Crisis”, prepared by Petr P. Yakovlev. The author reveals the main economic problems that Russia and Latin America faced. Nevertheless, these partners have set themselves the task of achieving the UN Sustainable Development goals. In practical terms, this was supposed to mean an improvement in the socio-economic situation of Russia and the Latin American states and the strengthening of their positions on the world stage. Although the coronavirus pandemic and later the Russian-Ukrainian conflict objectively slowed down progress towards the set goals, these challenges, essentially, pushed the boundaries of understanding the exceptional importance of joint actions to solve accumulated global problems. Irina Vershinina's article "Mining Industry in Latin America and New Environmental Challenges" notes that despite the rich and diverse natural resources the process of development of this industry is contradictory and has a conflictogenic character. The author pays special attention to the factors that caused the rise of the mining industry in the late 20th and early 21st centuries and determines the change in its structure due to the minerals necessary for the development of the "green" economy, as well as the impact of the coronavirus pandemic on the industry. The article also reflects the role of the mining industry in the emergence of social and environmental conflicts. Tamara Naumenko and Maria Kozyreva's article "Renewable Energy Sources and the Problem of Modernizing Institutional Instruments in Latin America” notes that despite the obvious importance of hydrocarbons for the economy of Latin America, renewable energy indicators are higher than global ones, and their developed complex appeared before the formation of a solid institutional framework regulating this industry. Building the necessary tools would allow Latin America to create a sustainable energy matrix and to eliminate the problem of uneven supply to the region. However, today the region faces a dilemma: to focus on the development of renewable energy sources or to continue to stimulate economic development based on hydrocarbons. The article "Digital Transformation of the Spanish Economy" by Tatyana Sidorenko presents the first results of the implementation of this strategy aimed at overcoming the country's lag behind other states of the European Union, the United States and China. Spain has been able to improve its position in the Digital Economy and Society Index thanks to the efforts made, but further progress is hampered by a lack of digital talent, low investment in R&D, slow deployment of 5G infrastructure, unpreparedness of small and medium-sized enterprises to adopt digital technologies, territorial and socio-economic “digital gaps”. Geopolitical tensions in the world also have a negative impact.

The second block connects with the problems of politics and law. The article "Peacekeeping Missions as a Function of the Armed Forces and Public Opinion in Spain" by Arina Andreeva provides an expanded interpretation of the concept of security and notes that integration processes in the European region have contributed to the development of trusting political relations and, as a result, military cooperation. In Spain, the functions of the armed forces include the protection of territorial integrity and internal order, so as the participation in peacekeeping operations. The humanitarian operations have previously contributed to improving the image of the country. In modern conditions, Madrid must maintain a balance between solidarity with allied countries and reputational costs when sending troops on a peace mission. In the case that intervention does not bring short-term positive results, the country's prestige may be undermined. These approaches, together with factors such as the United Nations mandate to execute a peace operation, internal political unity, and (un)favorable public opinion are present in the decisions of the Government of Spain to limit its participation in the operations, that are questionable by the international law. Paola Andrea Acosta-Alvarado in the article “Provisional Measures of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Colombian Case” argues that the Inter-American Human Rights System has been widely studied by the Latin American doctrine due to the strong impact it has on the national legal systems of the region. Such studies tend to focus mainly on the judgments of contentious cases and to a lesser extent on the advisory opinions of the Inter-American Court. However, provisional measures ordered by this court have been a field particularly neglected by the doctrine. That is why the article deals with a cross-sectional analysis of the provisional measures that the Inter-American Court has issued with respect to Colombia, with the aim of identifying their main elements and drawing some conclusions regarding the methods of protection used. The collective paper "Social Protests and Gender Violence (Cases of Colombia and Mexico)" by Marta Elisa Nateras González, Paula Andrea Valencia Londoño, Oscar Alvaro Montes de Oca and Marisela Pacheco Arrieta shows that State institutions expose their repressive facet rather than to protect the society. This article provides an analysis of gender (mainly sexual) violence, and the legitimate violence by the State received by the women who participated in the social mobilization. The authors analyze in a qualitative way the hate speech present in the stories of sexual violence during the protests, through the critical analysis of the speech with a focus on gender violence, to understand how this speech manifest the power relations of the patriarchal system. The main conclusion is that the power devices seek a way to generate blame on the woman participated in the demonstrations and prosecute her for her gender role, therefore the use of language and physical and symbolic violence are part of the indoctrination of women, through the exposure of their sexuality as a weakness.

The third block reflects some aspects of intercultural interaction. The article by Vladimir Matsur and Valeria Bogdanova "The Arab Diaspora in the Cross-border Agglomeration of Iguazu" reveals a special place in the economy of the border cities of the region of the family Arab business, which led to the trade specialization of this agglomeration. The study showed that it was the Arabs, settled on all sides of the Triple Border and performing the function of a transnational community, who became the main actors of cross-border trade and the economic growth of the agglomeration. Finally, the article by Natalia Sheleshneva-Solodovnikova “Postmodernist Architecture of Spain: Retrieving of the Memory” is devoted to the work of architects of this direction, which appeared as a reaction to late modernism with its monotony, loss of identity, oblivion of traditions, removal of buildings from the existing cultural and historical environment. One of the main tasks of postmodernism was the retrieving of the memory, the desire to break the barrier separating the past from the present. The author argues that the principle of metaphorical postmodern architecture allowed to Ricardo Bofill, Manuel Nunez Yanovsky, Rafael Moneo and other masters to refer to cultural legacy in their projects and even in their very names, instead of building simple copies of the past monuments.

IBEROAMERICA

2022, num. 3 (July – September)

Content

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES OF THE ECONOMY

Petr P. Yákovlev. Russia and Latin America: Sustainable Development in the Light of the Ukrainian Crisis

Irina M. Vershinina. Mining Industry in Latin America and New Environmental Challenges

Tamara V. Naumenko, Maria S. Kozyreva. Renewable Energy Sources and the Problem of Modernizing Institutional Instruments in Latin America

Tatiana V. Sidorenko. Digital Transformation of the Spanish Economy

PROBLEMS OF POLITICS AND LAW

Arina A. Andreeva. Peacekeeping Missions as a Function of the Armed Forces and Public Opinion in Spain

Paola Andrea Acosta-Alvarado. Provisional Measures of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights: Colombian Case

Martha Elisa Nateras González, Paula Andrea Valencia Londoño, Oscar Álvaro Montes de Oca, Marisela Pacheco Arrieta. Social Protests and Gender Violence (Cases of Colombia and Mexico)